Light and Optics — Refraction and Reflection

Light behaves in predictable ways — reflects, refracts, splits into colors. Newton's prism experiment is one of science's great moments. Indirect aim: physics of waves, preparation for electromagnetic spectrum, optical instruments.

• Framework: Montessori
• Unit: Cultural Studies
• Learning area: Physical Science
• Level: Ages 8-10

Objectives

• Observe reflection in mirrors (angle of incidence = angle of reflection)
• Observe refraction through water and glass
• Use a prism to split white light
• Understand light as a wave with color spectrum

Materials

• Mirrors (flat and curved)
• Glass of water with pencil (refraction)
• Prism
• White paper and flashlight
• Recording paper

Instructions

1. Shine flashlight at mirror; note angle in = angle out. 2. Put pencil in water; it appears bent (refraction). 3. Explain: light slows in water, changing direction. 4. Use prism: white light splits into rainbow (ROYGBIV). 5. Tell Newton's story — he proved white light contains all colors. 6. Record the spectrum. 7. Study the rainbow in nature (raindrops act as prisms). 8. Research one optical instrument (microscope, telescope, camera).

Educator tip

The prism moment — white light becomes rainbow — is one of the most moving experiments in elementary science.

Assessment

Observe correct reflection law, refraction understanding, and spectrum identification.

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• Sound — Waves, Vibration, and Pitch
• Art Study — Renaissance Masters
• Ancient Civilization Study — Rome
• Ancient Civilization Study — China
• Middle Ages — Feudal Europe
• Magnetism and Electromagnetism
• Plant Classification — Monocots vs Dicots
• Insect Life Cycles — Complete and Incomplete Metamorphosis